Zehr appears more person- and relationship-centered, whereas Marshall is focused on the offence itself. Marshall ( 1999) and Zehr ( 2002) agree that RJ is a process for stakeholders in an offence, but vary in using the language of resolution, dealing with aftermath and future implications ( Marshall 1999) and putting things right through a focus on harms, healing, needs and obligations ( Zehr 2002). The International Institute for Restorative Practice (IIRP) define RP as a social science and the umbrella term of which RJ is a subset, noting that RJ is often reactionary, whereas RP can be preventative, build social capital and relationships, and involve processes that precede wrongdoing ( McCold and Wachtel 2003). With at least 11 definitions of RJ outlined by Paul and Borton ( 2017), each with a different focus or key feature, the lack of a single definition reflects the multiple ways of working that have developed internationally, at different times, with their own unique culture and legal frameworks that confer institutional legitimacy ( Boyes-Watson 2018). The lack of a single definition of RP or RJ is compounded by the complex socio-political background from which contemporary methods have developed. Many of these identities intersect, such as Ray and Vi Donovan who were harmed by the impact of crime, and have become activists, practitioners, and trainers who were instrumental in the birth of the APPG on RJ. An inquiry was commenced in 2021 and a call for evidence received submissions from in-house statutory services, externally commissioned private and third-sector providers, practitioners, trainers, managers, academics, activists, those who have been harmed and those who have committed harm.
The APPG on RJ initially focused on the criminal justice sector but quickly expanded to include the broader spectrum of restorative practice (RP). The APPG on RJ has three goals: to examine the use of RJ principles within the UK justice system and beyond to raise the profile of RJ principles within Parliament and provide opportunities for policy discussion and consultation ( All-Party Parliamentary Group on Restorative Justice 2021). An advisory board was formed to support the parliamentarians, consisting of key stakeholders within RJ in the UK, and is currently chaired by Jim Simon, Chief Executive of the Restorative Justice Council (RJC). The APPG on RJ is chaired by Elliott Colburn, MP, and was formed to drive forward cross-party conversations on RJ and raise awareness about its principles.
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The work of the All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) on Restorative Justice (RJ) has been pivotal in beginning to crack this black box.
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